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  • yehoshua steinberg

ื›ื™ ืชื‘ื•ื: ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ื”ืฉื›ืœ ~ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’

ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ: 18 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืณ 2022


ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ื”ืžืืžืจ ืœืคืจืฉืช ื›ื™ ืชื‘ื:

ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืœ" (ื”ื ื’ื–ืจืช ืžืฉื•ืจืฉ 'ืฉื›ืœ') ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื›ื, ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืืžื ื, ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื™ืฉ ืœืžื™ืœื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ืœืคื™ ืื•ื ืงืœื•ืก: "ื”ืฆืœื—ื”". ืื›ืŸ, ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื–ื” ื‘ืžืงืจื ื ื•ืฉื ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช -ื•ืืฃ ื”ืคื•ื›ื•ืช- ืขืœ ืคื™ ืคืจืฉื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ "ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ" ื•"ืกื™ื›ื•ืœ". ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ื—ื•ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™, ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื’ื–ืจื™ื•.


ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืฉืชื™ื ื•, ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ืชื•ืฆืืช ืฉืžื™ืจืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ืžืœื” "ืชืฉื›ื™ืœื•":

ื“ื‘' ื›ื˜:ื— - ื•ึผืฉืึฐืžึทืจึฐืชึผึถื ืึถืช ื“ึผึดื‘ึฐืจึตื™ ื”ึทื‘ึผึฐืจึดื™ืช ื”ึทื–ึผึนืืช ื•ึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึดื™ืชึถื ืึนืชึธื ืœึฐืžึทืขึทืŸ ืชึผึทืฉื‚ึฐื›ึผึดื™ืœื•ึผ ืึตืช ื›ึผึธืœ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืชึผึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึผืŸ.

ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ "ืชืฉื›ื™ืœื•" ื”ื•ื "ืชื—ื›ื™ืžื•", ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื™ื ื ื’ื–ืจื™ ืฉืจืฉ 'ืฉื›ืœ' ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžื—:ื™ื“ - ื•ึทื™ึผึดืฉืึฐืœึทื— ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืึถืช ื™ึฐืžึดื™ื ื•ึน ื•ึทื™ึผึธืฉืึถืช ืขึทืœ ืจึนืืฉื ืึถืคึฐืจึทื™ึดื ื•ึฐื”ื•ึผื ื”ึทืฆึผึธืขึดื™ืจ... ืฉื‚ึดื›ึผึตืœ ืึถืช ื™ึธื“ึธื™ื•; ืช"ื - ืื—ื›ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ื•ื”ื™. ื™ืจ' ื˜:ื›ื’ - ื™ึดืชึฐื”ึทืœึผึตืœ ื”ึทืžึผึดืชึฐื”ึทืœึผึตืœ ื”ึทืฉื‚ึฐื›ึผึตืœ ื•ึฐื™ึธื“ึนืขึท ืื•ึนืชึดื™; ืช"ื™ - ื™ึดืฉืึฐืชึผึทื‘ึผึทื— ื“ึฐืžึดืฉืึฐืชึผึทื‘ึผึทื— ื“ึฐื—ึทื›ึผึดื™ื ื•ึฐืึทืœึดื™ืฃ ืœึฐืžึดื™ื“ึทืข ื“ึฐื—ึทืœึฐืชึผึดื™. ื™ืจ' ื’:ื• - ื•ึฐื ึธืชึทืชึผึดื™ ืœึธื›ึถื ืจึนืขึดื™ื ื›ึผึฐืœึดื‘ึผึดื™ ื•ึฐืจึธืขื•ึผ ืึถืชึฐื›ึถื ื“ึผึตืขึธื” ื•ึฐื”ึทืฉื‚ึฐื›ึผึตื™ืœ; ืช"ื™ - ืขึธื‘ึฐื“ึตื™ ืจึฐืขื•ึผืชึดื™ ื•ึดื™ืคึทืจึฐื ึฐืกื•ึผืŸ ื™ึทืชึฐื›ื•ึนืŸ ื‘ึผึฐืžึทื“ึทืข ื•ึผื‘ึฐื—ื•ึผื›ึฐืžึธื. ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื“ื•ืžื”, ืฉืชืจื’ื "ืœืžืขืŸ ืชืฉื›ื™ืœื•" ื›ืืŸ ืžืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช: ืชืจ"ื™ - ื‘ึผึดื’ึฐืœึทืœ ื“ึฐืชึดืชึฐื‘ึผื•ึนื ึฐื ื•ึผืŸ ื™ึทืช ื›ึผึธืœ ืžึทื” ื“ึฐืžึดืชึฐืขึทื‘ึผึฐื“ึดื™ืŸ.

ืืœื ืฉืžืฆื™ื ื• ืชืจื’ื•ื ืื—ืจ ืœืคื•ืขืœ "ื”ืฉื›ืœ", ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ื•ืคืขืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืœืขืฅ ื”ื“ืขืช: ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื’:ื• - ื•ึทืชึผึตืจึถื ื”ึธืึดืฉึผืึธื” ื›ึผึดื™ ื˜ื•ึนื‘ ื”ึธืขึตืฅ ืœึฐืžึทืึฒื›ึธืœ ื•ึฐื›ึดื™ ืชึทืึฒื•ึธื” ื”ื•ึผื ืœึธืขึตื™ื ึทื™ึดื ื•ึฐื ึถื—ึฐืžึธื“ ื”ึธืขึตืฅ ืœึฐื”ึทืฉื‚ึฐื›ึผึดื™ืœ. ืฉื ืชืจื’ืžื” ืื•ื ืงืœื•ืก ื‘ืžืœื” ืื—ืจืช ืœื’ืžืจื™: ืช"ื - ื•ืžืจื’ื’ ืื™ืœื ื ืœืืกืชื›ืœื ื‘ื™ื”. ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ื”ืžืœื” "ืœืืกืชื›ืœื" ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืœื” "ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ" ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื–"ืœ, ืžืœื” ื ืจื“ืคืช ืขื "ืจืื™ื™ื”", ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“:ื‘ - ื”ึธื™ึดื™ืชึดื™ ืžึดืกึฐืชึผึทื›ึผึตืœ, ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึดื™ื ื•ึผ ื‘ึฐืชื•ึนืšึฐ ื”ึทืชึผึฐื—ื•ึผื ืขึทื“ ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ื—ึธืฉืึตื›ึธื”; ืจืข"ื‘ - ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืกืชื›ืœ - ื‘ืฉืคื•ืคืจืช ืฉืœ ืงื ื” ื—ืœื•ืœ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืžืชื•ืงื ืช ืœืžื“ืช ืฆืคื™ื™ืช ืืœืคื™ื ืืžื”.

ืื•ืœื, ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ "ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช" ื–ื”ื” ืขื "ืจืื™ื™ื”" ืกืชื, ืฉื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื ื•ื” ื›ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช: ื“ื‘' ืœื‘:ื›ื˜ - ืœื•ึผ ื—ึธื›ึฐืžื•ึผ ื™ึทืฉื‚ึฐื›ึผึดื™ืœื•ึผ ื–ึนืืช; ืช"ื - ืืœื• ื—ื›ื™ืžื• ืืกืชื›ืœื• ื‘ื“ื[1]. ื™ืฉืข' ืžื:ื› - ืœืžึทืขึทืŸ ื™ึดืจึฐืื•ึผ ื•ึฐื™ึตื“ึฐืขื•ึผ ื•ึฐื™ึธืฉื‚ึดื™ืžื•ึผ ื•ึฐื™ึทืฉื‚ึฐื›ึผึดื™ืœื•ึผ ื™ึทื—ึฐื“ึผึธื•; ืช"ื™ - ื‘ึผึฐื“ึดื™ืœ ื“ึฐื™ึถื—ึฑื–ื•ึผืŸ ื•ึฐื™ึตื“ึฐืขื•ึผืŸ ื•ึดื™ืฉืึทื•ื•ึผืŸ ื“ึฐื—ึทืœึฐืชึผึดื™ ืขึทืœ ืœึดื‘ึผึฐื”ื•ึนืŸ ื•ึฐื™ึดืกึฐืชึผึทื›ึผึฐืœื•ึผืŸ ื›ึผึทื—ึฒื“ึธื. ื™ืฉืข' ืžื“:ื— - ืœึนื ื™ึธื“ึฐืขื•ึผ ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึธื‘ึดื™ื ื•ึผ ื›ึผึดื™ ื˜ึทื— ืžึตืจึฐืื•ึนืช ืขึตื™ื ึตื™ื”ึถื ืžึตื”ึทืฉื‚ึฐื›ึผึดื™ืœ ืœึดื‘ึผึนืชึธื; ืช"ื™ - ืžึดืกึฐืชึผึทื›ึผึฐืœึดื™ืŸ ืึฒืจึตื™ ืžึฐื˜ึทืžึฐื˜ึฐืžึธืŸ ืžึดืœึฐืžึถื—ึฑื–ึตื™ ืขึตื™ื ึตื™ื”ื•ึนืŸ ืžึดืœึฐืึดืกึฐืชึผึทื›ึผึธืœึธื ื‘ึผึฐืœึดื‘ึผึฐื”ื•ึนืŸ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชืจื’ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืขืœ "ื‘ื™ื ื•": ื“ื‘' ืœื‘:ื– - ื–ึฐื›ึนืจ ื™ึฐืžื•ึนืช ืขื•ึนืœึธื ื‘ึผึดื™ื ื•ึผ ืฉืึฐื ื•ึนืช ื“ึผึนืจ ื•ึธื“ึนืจ; ืช"ื - ืื“ื›ืจ ื™ื•ืžื™ืŸ ื“ืžืŸ ืขืœืžื ืืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื“ืจ ื•ื“ืจ[2]. ื•ื›ืš ืคื™ืจืฉื• ืืช ื”ืžืœื” ื”ืืจืžื™ืช ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขืชื” ื‘ืกืคืจ ื“ื ื™ืืœ: ื“ื ' ื–:ื— - ืžึดืฉื‚ึฐืชึผึทื›ึผึทืœ ื”ึฒื•ึตื™ืช ื‘ึผึฐืงึทืจึฐื ึทื™ึผึธื; ืื‘"ืข - ืžืฉืชื›ืœ - ืžื’ื–ืจืช ืฉื›ืœ ืžืฉืชื›ืœ ื•ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื ื•ืช; ืžืฆ"ื“ - ืžืกืชื›ืœ - ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื”ืงืจื ื•ืช.

ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื” ืœืขื•ืžืง, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืช "ื‘ื™ื ื”" / "ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช", ื›ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ืืœื” ืฉืคืชืจื• ืื•ืชื” ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ "ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ"[3] - ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื“ื‘ืจ[4]. ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื ื•ืงื˜ ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ "ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื›ืœ" ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืื“ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื ืฉื’ื‘ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืœืื›ื™ื, ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื•ื’ื ื‘ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื•. (ืœื”ืœืŸ ืชื•ืจืฃ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืžืชื•ืจื’ื ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช): ื–ื•ื”ืจ (ื‘:ืงื˜ื–:-ืงื™ื–. -ืช"ื“) - ืืžืจ ืจืฉื‘"ื™, ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ... ื‘ืžืœืื›ื™ื ื•ื›"ืฉ ืœื ื‘ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืชื•, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื›ืœ ืฉืœ ืœื‘ืš ืืชื” ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื›ื•ืœื... ื•ื›ืŸ ืืžืจ ืฉืœืžื”, ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื•: ื•ึทื™ึผึถื—ึฐื›ึผึทื ืžึดื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื (ืž"ื ื”:ื™ื), ื•ึฐืœึดื‘ึผึดื™ ืจึธืึธื” ื”ึทืจึฐื‘ึผึตื” ื—ึธื›ึฐืžึธื” ื•ึธื“ึธืขึทืช (ืงื”ืœืช ื:ื˜ื–). ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ "ื“ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืฃ" ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ ื–ื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืœื” "ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช" ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจืŸ ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจืื™ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”: ื“ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืฃ (ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืžื’:) - ื ื›ื ืก ืœืžืจื—ืฅ ืจืื” ืขืฆืžื• ืขืจื•ื, ืืžืจ: ืื•ื™ ืœื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืขืจื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช! ื ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ืžื™ืœื”[5], ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ... ื”ืฉื‘ื—, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ืœืžื ืฆื— ืขืœ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ื“[6] (ืชื”' ื™ื‘:ื). ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ืื˜ื• ืœื ื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ื ื›ื“ื• ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื•ืจ' ื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ืŸ ื—ืœืคืชื[7]. ื•ื™"ืœ ื“ืžืฉ"ื› ื“ื ืกืชื›ืœ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจืง ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ื•ื›ืžืืžืจ ืขืงื‘ื™ื ื‘ืŸ ืžื”ืœืœืืœ: ื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ื’' ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืืชื” ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื•ื›ื•' (ืื‘ื•ืช ื’:ื). ื•ื›ืŸ... ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืข"ื” ื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืžื™ืชื” ื•ืืžืจ ืฉื™ืจื” (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™.) - ื“ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช "ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉื›ืœ" ื•ืœื "ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ืฉืจ". ื•ื–ื”ื• ืืฃ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ืžื™ืœื” - ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉื›ืœ, ื•ืœื ื›ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืžืžืฉ, ื“ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืขืจื•ืชื•.

ืœืคื™ ื–ื”, ืชึผึดืจึฐื’ึผื•ึผืžึตื™ ื”ืžืœื” ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ึทื—ึฐื›ึผึธืžึธื” ื•ื’ื ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืงื•ืœืขื™ื ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื“ื•ืžื”, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื‘ื ื” ื•ื“ืขืช. ืžื›ืืŸ ื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืื•ื ืงืœื•ืก ืชืจื’ื "ืœืžืขืŸ ืชืฉื›ื™ืœื•" ื‘ืคืจืฉืชื™ื ื• ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”: ื“ื‘' ื›ื˜:ื— - ื•ึผืฉืึฐืžึทืจึฐืชึผึถื... ืœึฐืžึทืขึทืŸ ืชึผึทืฉื‚ึฐื›ึผึดื™ืœื•ึผ ืึตืช ื›ึผึธืœ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืชึผึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึผืŸ; ืช"ื - ื‘ึผึฐื“ึดื™ืœ ื“ึฐืชึทืฆึฐืœึฐื—ื•ึผืŸ ื™ึทืช ื›ึผึธืœ ื“ึฐืชึทืขึทื‘ึฐื“ื•ึผืŸ. ื•ืื›ืŸ ืžืฆืื ื• ืชืจื’ื•ื ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื, ื›ืžื•: ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื:ื– - ืœึดืฉืึฐืžึนืจ ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ื›ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ื”ึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืฆึดื•ึผึฐืšึธ ืžึนืฉืึถื”... ืœึฐืžึทืขึทืŸ ืชึผึทืฉื‚ึฐื›ึผึดื™ืœ ื‘ึผึฐื›ึนืœ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืชึผึตืœึตืš; ืช"ื™ - ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื“ืชืฆืœื— ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ืึฒืชึทืจ ื“ึดืชึฐื”ึธืšึฐ. ื™ืฉืข' ื ื‘:ื’ - ื”ึดื ึผึตื” ื™ึทืฉื‚ึฐื›ึผึดื™ืœ ืขึทื‘ึฐื“ึผึดื™; ืช"ื™ - ื”ึธื ื™ึทืฆึฐืœึทื— ืขึทื‘ึฐื“ึดื™[8]. ืืžื ื, ื™"ืœ ืฉืืฃ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื–ื• ืžืฉืชืœื‘ืช ืขื ื”ืงื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื” ื•ื“ืขืช, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื—ื›ื ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื›ืกื™ืœ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ื•[9].

ืื•ื ืงืœื•ืก ืชืจื’ื ื’ื ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ื‘ื ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ึทื—ึฐื›ึผึธืžึธื”: ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžื—:ื™ื“ - ื•ึทื™ึผึดืฉืึฐืœึทื— ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืึถืช ื™ึฐืžึดื™ื ื•ึน ื•ึทื™ึผึธืฉืึถืช ืขึทืœ ืจึนืืฉื ืึถืคึฐืจึทื™ึดื ื•ึฐื”ื•ึผื ื”ึทืฆึผึธืขึดื™ืจ ื•ึฐืึถืช ืฉื‚ึฐืžึนืืœื•ึน ืขึทืœ ืจึนืืฉื ืžึฐื ึทืฉึผืึถื” ืฉื‚ึดื›ึผึตืœ ืึถืช ื™ึธื“ึธื™ื• ื›ึผึดื™ ืžึฐื ึทืฉึผืึถื” ื”ึทื‘ึผึฐื›ื•ึนืจ; ืช"ื - ืื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ื•ื”ื™. ืจืฉ"ื™ ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืคื™ืจืฉื• ืืช ื”ืžืœื” ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ื”ืฉื›ืœ: ืจืฉ"ื™ - ืฉื›ืœ ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื• - ื›ืชืจื’ื•ืžื• ืื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื•ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื•... ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ ืžื ืฉื” ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ, ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ืœื ืฉืช ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืขืœื™ื•. ืื•ืœื, ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” "ืฉื‚ึดื›ึผึตืœ ืึถืช ื™ึธื“ึธื™ื•" ืœ"ื”ึดืกึฐื›ึผึทืœึฐืชึผึธ ืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึน" ื•ืœ"ืกึทื›ึผึถืœ ื ึธื ืึถืช ืขึฒืฆึทืช ืึฒื—ึดื™ืชึนืคึถืœ": ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ื‘ืจ' ืžื—:ื™ื“ - ืฉื‚ึดื›ึผึตืœ ืึถืช ื™ึธื“ึธื™ื• ื›ึผึดื™ ืžึฐื ึทืฉึผืึถื” ื”ึทื‘ึผึฐื›ื•ึนืจ - ื‘ืจืฆื•ืช ื”' ืฉื™ืชื‘ืจืš ืืคืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ... ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืžื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืœืฉืžืืœ ืื‘ื™ื•, ื•ืื‘ื™ื• ืœื ื—ืฉืฉ ืœื”ื ื—ืชื•, ืื‘ืœ ืฉืœื— ื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ืืคืจื™ื - ืขื ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืฆืขื™ืจ - ื•ืืช ืฉืžืืœื• ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ืžื ืฉื”... ื•ืคื™' ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืžื•: ื•ึทื™ึผึนืืžึถืจ ื“ึผึธื•ึดื“ ืกึทื›ึผึถืœ ื ึธื ืึถืช ืขึฒืฆึทืช ืึฒื—ึดื™ืชึนืคึถืœ (ืฉ"ื‘ ื˜ื•:ืœื), ื•ืขึทืชึผึธื” ื”ึดืกึฐื›ึผึทืœึฐืชึผึธ ืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึน (ื‘ืจ' ืœื:ื—) ื›ื™ ื”ืก' ื•ื”ืฉ' ืžืชื—ืœืคื™ื.

ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ: ืžืคืจืฉื™ ื”ืžืงืจื ืคื™ืจืฉื• "ื”ึดืกึฐื›ึผึทืœึฐืชึผึธ ืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึน" ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ืกื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืฉื˜ื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ื‘ืจ' ืœื:ื›ื— - ื•ึฐืœึนื ื ึฐื˜ึทืฉืึฐืชึผึทื ึดื™ ืœึฐื ึทืฉึผืึตืง ืœึฐื‘ึธื ึทื™ ื•ึฐืœึดื‘ึฐื ึนืชึธื™ ืขึทืชึผึธื” ื”ึดืกึฐื›ึผึทืœึฐืชึผึธ ืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึน; ืจื“"ืง - ืจ"ืœ ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืืชื” ื—ื›ื, ืขืชื” ื”ื™ื™ืช ืกื›ืœ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ; ืชื•ืก' ื”ืฉืœื - ื”ืกื›ืœืช ืกื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืš[10]. ื"ื›, ืžื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช "ืขืฆืช ืฉื˜ื•ืช" ื–ื• (ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืœื‘ืŸ) ืœืคืขื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ืชื‘ื•ื ื”, ื•ืืฃ ื›ื•ึผื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ[11]? ื›"ื› ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืขื ื™ืŸ "ืกึทื›ึผึถืœ ื ึธื ืึถืช ืขึฒืฆึทืช ืึฒื—ึดื™ืชึนืคึถืœ", ืฉืชืจื’ื•ืžื• ื•ืขื ื™ื ื• ืงืœืงื•ืœ[12], ืœื‘ืจื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ, ื•ืœื ื—"ื• ืœื—ื‘ืœื” ื•ืงืœืงื•ืœ. ื‘ืจื, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœืœืฉื•ืŸ ืงืœืงื•ืœ, ื ืจืื” ืฉืจืžื– ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ืœืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืžืคืชื™ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืฉ 'ืฉื›ืœ' (ื—ื›ืžื”) ืœ'ืกื›ืœ' (ืกื›ืœื•ืช[13]). ื”ืจื™ ื”ื›ืกื™ืœ ื“ืจื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื›ืฉืœ ื•ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืžืงื•ืœืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื•. ืื•ืœื, ื™ืฉ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื’ื ื”ื—ื›ื ืžื•ืฆื ืœื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืงืœืงืœื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžื”' ืœืกื›ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืช ืื—ื™ืชื•ืคืœ. ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง, ืฉืชื›ื ืŸ ืกื“ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ืจื›ืชื, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉื›ืœ ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื•, ื•ืข"ื™ ื›ืš ื’ื ืชื›ื ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื ืกื›ืœื”. ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ืืช ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง "ื”ึดืกึฐื›ึผึทืœึฐืชึผึธ ืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึน". ื”ื ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ืžืœืื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื‘ืŸ: ื‘ืจ' ืœื:ื›ื–-ื›ื— - ืœึธืžึผึธื” ื ึทื—ึฐื‘ึผึตืืชึธ ืœึดื‘ึฐืจึนื—ึท ื•ึทืชึผึดื’ึฐื ึนื‘ ืึนืชึดื™ ื•ึฐืœึนื ื”ึดื’ึผึทื“ึฐืชึผึธ ืœึผึดื™ ื•ึธืึฒืฉืึทืœึผึตื—ึฒืšึธ ื‘ึผึฐืฉื‚ึดืžึฐื—ึธื” ื•ึผื‘ึฐืฉืึดืจึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐืชึนืฃ ื•ึผื‘ึฐื›ึดื ึผื•ึนืจ. ื•ึฐืœึนื ื ึฐื˜ึทืฉืึฐืชึผึทื ึดื™ ืœึฐื ึทืฉึผืึตืง ืœึฐื‘ึธื ึทื™ ื•ึฐืœึดื‘ึฐื ึนืชึธื™ ืขึทืชึผึธื” ื”ึดืกึฐื›ึผึทืœึฐืชึผึธ ืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึน. ื”ืจื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืคืจืฉื• "ืื ื™ ืชื›ื ื ืชื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืชื›ื ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืคืจื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืจื‘, ื‘ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ืขื ื•ืขื“ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืืชื” ืกื›ืœืช ื•ืงืœืงืœืช ืืช ื›ืœ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืชื™[14].

ื•ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ "ืฉื‚ึดื›ึผึตืœ ืึถืช ื™ึธื“ึธื™ื•" ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ: ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื” (ืชื™ืื•ื“ื•ืจ-ืืœื‘ืง[15]) ืฆื–:ื™ื’-ื™ื“ - ืฉื‚ึดื›ึผึตืœ ืึถืช ื™ึธื“ึธื™ื• (ื‘ืจ' ืžื—:ื™ื“)... ืจ' ื™ื•ื“ื” ืืžืจ ื ื™ืฉืชื›ืœื• ื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืœื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืœืžื ืฉื”. ืจ' ื ื—ืžื™ื” ืืž' ื ื™ืชื—ื›ืžื• ื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืœืืคืจื™ื; ืคื™ืจืฉื• ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืœื” "ื ื™ืฉืชื›ืœื•" ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ "ืฉื›ื•ืœ": ืžื”ืจื–"ื•[16] - ืฉื›ืœ - ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžึฐืฉืึทื›ึผึตืœึธื” ื•ึทืขึฒืงึธืจึธื” (ืฉืž' ื›ื’:ื›ื•), ื›ื“ึนื‘ ืฉืึทื›ึผื•ึผืœ (ื”ื•ืฉืข ื™ื’:ื—). ืžื ื—ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง (ืช"ื“) - ื ื™ืฉืชื›ืœื• ื™ื“ื™ื• - ื ืจืื” ืœืคืจืฉ ืฉืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงื•ืจื ืฉื›ืœ ื‘ืฉื™"ืŸ ื™ืžื ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื ืฉืžื˜ื• ื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืœื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืœืžื ืฉื”, ืฉืกื™ืจื‘ื• ืœื ื•ื— ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ืžื ืฉื”. ื•ืจ' ื ื—ืžื™ื” ืžืคืจืฉ ื ื™ืชื—ื›ืžื•, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืชื•ืจื’ื ื‘ืื•ื ืงืœื•ืก: ืื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ื•ื”ื™.

ื“ืขืช ืจ' ื™ื•ื“ื” ื"ื› ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ื”ื "ืœ, ืฉืคื™ืจืฉ "ืฉื‚ึดื›ึผึตืœ ืึถืช ื™ึธื“ึธื™ื•" ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ืœ ื•ืงืœืงื•ืœ, ื•ืงื™ืฉืจ ืจ' ื™ื•ื“ื” ื’ื ืืช ืœืฉื•ืŸ "ืฉื‚ึดื›ึผึตืœ" ืœ"ืฉื›ื•ืœ"[17]. ื“ืขืช ืจ' ื ื—ืžื™ื” ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื“ืขืช ืื•ื ืงืœื•ืก, ืฉืคื™ืจืฉ "ืฉื‚ึดื›ึผึตืœ ืึถืช ื™ึธื“ึธื™ื•" ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื•ื—ื›ืžื”. ืื•ืœื, ื‘ืคืกื™ืงืชื ื ืžืฆืืช ื”ื•ืกืคื” ื•ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจ' ื ื—ืžื™ื”: ืคืกื™ืงืชื ืจื‘ืชื™ (ืื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ื) ืคื™ืกืงื ื’[18] - ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื ื—ืžื™ื” ืืžืจ, ืฉื›ืœ - ื”ืฉื›ื™ืœื• ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœืจื•ื— ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ื›ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘: ืžึทืฉื‚ึฐื›ึผึดื™ืœ ืœึฐืึตื™ืชึธืŸ ื”ึธืึถื–ึฐืจึธื—ึดื™ (ืชื”' ืคื˜:ื); "ื”ืฉื›ื™ืœื•" ืœืคื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืคื™ืจืฉ ื–"ื ืฉื: ื–ืจืข ืืคืจื™ื - ื”ืฉื›ื™ืœื• ื™ื“ื™ื• ื›ื•ื•ื ื• ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœืจื•ื— ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ "ื”ืฉื›ื™ืœื•" ืœื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ื•ืืžื ื ืขื ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืฆืื ื• ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืกืคืจ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข, ื›ื“ืœื”ืœืŸ.

ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืช ืžืฉื”, ืฆื•ื” ื”' ืืช ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืœื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื”, ื•ื’ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืข"ื– ืฉื›ืจ: ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื:ื— - ืœึนื ื™ึธืžื•ึผืฉื ืกึตืคึถืจ ื”ึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ืžึดืคึผึดื™ืšึธ... ืึธื– ืชึผึทืฆึฐืœึดื™ื—ึท ืึถืช ื“ึผึฐืจึธื›ึถืšึธ ื•ึฐืึธื– ืชึผึทืฉื‚ึฐื›ึผึดื™ืœ; ืขื“ ื›ืืŸ ืจืื™ื ื• ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ืœืคื•ืขืœ "ืฉื›ืœ", ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืŸ ืชืจื’ืžื• ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™: ืช"ื™ - ืึฒืจึตื™ ื‘ึผึฐื›ึตืŸ ืชึผึทืฆึฐืœึทื— ื™ึทืช ื“ึทืจึฐื›ึผึธืšึฐ ื•ึผื‘ึฐื›ึตืŸ ืชึผึทื›ึฐืฉืึธื˜; ืžื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ "ืชื›ืฉื˜", ื•ืžื” ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœ"ืชึผึทืฉื‚ึฐื›ึผึดื™ืœ"? ืฉืจืฉ 'ื›ืฉื˜' ื‘ืืจืžื™ืช ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉืจืฉ 'ืงืฉื˜' ื‘ืœืฉื”"ืง[19], ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื, ื•ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืช: ืชื”' ืก:ื• - ื ึธืชึทืชึผึธื” ืœึผึดื™ืจึตืึถื™ืšึธ ื ึผึตืก ืœึฐื”ึดืชึฐื ื•ึนืกึตืก ืžึดืคึผึฐื ึตื™ ืงึนืฉืึถื˜ ืกึถืœึธื”; ืจ"ื™ ื—ื™ื•ืŸ - ืจ"ืœ ืืžืช. ืžืฉืœื™ ื›ื‘:ื - ืœึฐื”ื•ึนื“ึดื™ืขึฒืšึธ ืงึนืฉืึฐื˜ึฐ ืึดืžึฐืจึตื™ ืึฑืžึถืช; ืžืœื‘ื™"ื - ืงืฉื˜, ืืžืช. ืงืฉื˜ ืชืจื’ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืืžืช. ืืžื ื ื—ื–"ืœ ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื‘ืฉืจืฉ 'ืงืฉื˜' ื’ื ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื™ืช ื—ืฅ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ื‘ืžื“"ืจ ื™ื‘:ื’ - ื"ืจ ื‘ืจื›ื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืžื–ื™ืง ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื•ืจื— ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ ื›ืขื•ืฃ ื•ืงื•ืฉื˜ ื›ื—ืฅ. ื™"ืœ ืฉื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืช ื•ื™ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื ืื—ื™ื, ื›ืš ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื—ืฅ ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื˜ืจืชื•, ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ึทื™ึฐืฉืึตืจ ืœื™ืขื“ื•. ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, "ืงื•ืฉื˜", "ื™ืจื™ื”" ื•"ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ" ื›ืžืœื™ื ื ืจื“ืคื•ืช, ื”ืžืชื—ืœืคื•ืช ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื ื–"ืœ, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช: ืคืกื™ืงืชื ืจื‘ืชื™ ืคื™ืกืงื ืž [20] - ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ืžื”ื• ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื”, ืืžืจ ืจืฉื‘"ื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืžืงื•ืฉื˜ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื–ื‘ื— ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื” - ืื•ึน ื™ึธืจึนื” ื™ึดื™ึผึธืจึถื” (ืฉืž' ื™ื˜:ื™ื’)[21]; ื•ื‘ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื”ืžืœื” "ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ" ื‘ืžืงื•ื "ืžืงื•ืฉื˜ืช": ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ืค' ื•ื™ืจื ืก' ืžื” - ืจืฉื‘"ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืžื”ื• ืžื•ืจื™ื”, ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ืจื” ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ืžึธื›ื•ึนืŸ ืœึฐืฉืึดื‘ึฐืชึผึฐืšึธ ืคึผึธืขึทืœึฐืชึผึธ ื”' ืžึดืงึผึฐื“ึธืฉื ืึฒื“ึนื ึธื™ ื›ึผื•ึนื ึฐื ื•ึผ ื™ึธื“ึถื™ืšึธ (ืฉืž' ื˜ื•:ื™ื–).

ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื™ืฉืจื™ื, ื’ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืกื›ืœ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื•ืช. ื ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ืฉื ื–ื›ื” ืœืจืื•ืช, ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื•ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”' ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื”, ืžืงื•ื ื”"ืจืื•ื™ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื”", ื›ืืžืจื ื–"ืœ: ื‘"ืจ ื ื”:ื– - ื•ึฐืœึถืšึฐ ืœึฐืšึธ ืึถืœ ืึถืจึถืฅ ื”ึทืžึผึนืจึดื™ึผึธื”... ืจืฉื‘"ื™ ืืžืจ ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืื•ื™ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื‘ื”"ืž ืœืžืขืœื”.

[1] ื•ืขื ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™: ืชืจ"ื™ ื“ื‘' ืœื‘:ื›ื˜ - ืึดืœื•ึผ ื—ึทื›ึผึดื™ืžื•ึผ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ื•ึฐื™ึทืœึดื™ืคื•ึผ ืื•ึนืจึทื™ึฐื™ืชึธื. [2] ื•ื›ืŸ "ื ื‘ื•ืŸ", "ืชื‘ื•ื ื”", "ื‘ื™ื ื”" ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื™ื ื‘ื ื’ื–ืจื™ "ืกื•ื›ืœืชืŸ", ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ื‘ืจ' ืžื:ืœื’ - ื ึธื‘ื•ึนืŸ ื•ึฐื—ึธื›ึธื; ืช"ื - ืกื•ื›ืœืชืŸ ื•ื—ื›ื™ื. ืฉืž' ืœื:ื’ - ื‘ึผึฐื—ึธื›ึฐืžึธื” ื•ึผื‘ึดืชึฐื‘ื•ึผื ึธื”; ืช"ื - ื‘ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ื‘ืกื•ื›ืœืชื ื•. ื™ืฉืข' ื›ื˜:ื›ื“ - ืจื•ึผื—ึท ื‘ึผึดื™ื ึธื”; ืช"ื™ - ืจื•ึผื—ึท ื“ึฐืกื•ึผื›ึฐืœึฐืชึธื ื•ึผ. [3] ื‘ืขืœ ืกืคืจ ืืคื™ืงื™ ื™ื ืคื™ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืœื” ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ "ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ": ืืคื™ืงื™ ื™ื ืฉื‘ืช ืงื“. - ื•ื‘ื™ื ื” ื”ื•ื... ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืœื—ืœืง ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืงืจืืช ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœ' ื‘ื™ืŸ, ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื (ืฉ"ื ื™ื–:ื“). ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉืชื›ื•ื ื” ื–ื• ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ื’ื ืœื‘ื ื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืกื‘ืจื ืื™ืชื ื”. ืฉื›ืžื• ืฉืกื‘ืจื ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช "ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช" - ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื (ืฉื‘ืช ืœื.), ื›ืš ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื’ืฉืžื™, ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื–ืงื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืชืœื•ื™ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ ื•ื˜ื™ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื. [4] ื”ืฉื•ื” ืืช ืžืืžืจ ืค' ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืฉ 'ื‘ืŸ', ื•ืงื™ืฉืจื ื• ืœื• ื’ื ืืช "ื‘ื™ื ื”", ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ืฉืžื™ ื•ื‘ืžื•ืคืฉื˜. [5] ื’ื™ืจืกืช ื”ืกืคืจื™, ื•ืืชื—ื ืŸ ืœ"ื•, ื•ื”ืฉื•ื” ืœืžื ื—ื•ืช ืžื’,ื‘. [6] ื•ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ื”ืกื‘ืจ: ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืžื’: - "ืขืœ ืžื™ืœื” ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื™". [7] ืจืื” ืฉื‘ืช ืงื™ื—,ื. [8] ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœืชืจื’ื•ื ื–ื”: ืฉ"ื ื™ื—:ื”, ื™ื“; ื™ืจืžื™ื” ื™:ื›ื, ื›:ื™ื, ื›ื’:ื”. [9] ื•ืžืขื™ืŸ ื ื™ืžื•ืงื• ืฉืœ ืžืฆ"ืฆ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžืฉืœื™: ืžืฉืœื™ ื:ื™ื‘ - ืžึทืฉื‚ึฐื›ึผึดื™ืœ ืฆึทื“ึผึดื™ืง ืœึฐื‘ึตื™ืช ืจึธืฉืึธืข; ืžืฆ"ืฆ - ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ - ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื ืจืื” ืœื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ื”ืฉื›ืœ. [10] ื›ืš ืคื™' ื’ื ืจ"ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื•ืจ, ืืœืฉื™ืš ื•ื—ืชื ืกื•ืคืจ (ืฉื ืค' ื›ื–), ื•ืืฃ ืžืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืค' ื•ื™ืฆื ืžืฉืžืข ื›ืŸ. [11] ืจืื” ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ื™ื“:ื” ื•ื›ืŸ ืคืกื™ืงืชื ืจื‘ืชื™ (ืื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ื) ืคื™ืกืงื ื’ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื ืœืงืžืŸ. [12] ืช"ื™ - ืงึทืœึฐืงึตืœ ื›ึผึฐืขึทืŸ ื™ึทืช ืžึดืœึฐื›ึผึธื ื“ึทืึฒื—ึดื™ืชื•ึนืคึถืœ. [13] ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื˜ืคืฉื•ืช ื•ืฉื˜ื•ืช, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช: ืฉ"ื ื™ื’:ื™ื’ - ื ึดืกึฐื›ึผึธืœึฐืชึผึธ ืœึนื ืฉืึธืžึทืจึฐืชึผึธ; ืช"ื™ - ื˜ึฐืคึตื™ืฉืึฐืชึผึธื ืœึธื ื ึฐื˜ึทืจึฐืชึผึธื. ืฉ"ื ื›ื•:ื›ื - ื”ืกึฐื›ึผึทืœึฐืชึผึดื™ ื•ึธืึถืฉืึฐื’ึผึถื”; ืช"ื™ - ืึดืกึฐืชึผึทื›ึผึธืœึดื™ืช ื•ึฐืึดื˜ึทืคึผึธืฉืึดื™ืช. ืงื”ืœืช ื:ื™ื– - ื•ื“ึทืขึทืช ื”ื•ึนืœึตืœึนืช ื•ึฐืฉื‚ึดื›ึฐืœื•ึผืช; ืจืฉ"ื™ - ื•ืกื›ืœื•ืช - ืฉื˜ื•ืช. [14] ื›"ื– ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืจืง ื˜ืขื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืœื‘ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืขืฉื” ื‘ื—ื›ืžื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืžื™ื“: ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึธืจึตืืชึดื™... ืคึผึถืŸ ืชึผึดื’ึฐื–ึนืœ ืึถืช ื‘ึผึฐื ื•ึนืชึถื™ืšึธ ืžึตืขึดืžึผึดื™ (ื‘ืจ' ืœื:ืœื). ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืฉืคื™ืจืฉื• (ืจืื” ืœืžืฉืœ ืžื’ื™ื“ ืชื”ืœื•ืช, ืค' ื•ื™ืฆื) ืืฃ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ "ื”ึดืกึฐื›ึผึทืœึฐืชึผึธ ืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึน" ืžืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ, ื•ืžืฉืžื™ื ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื™ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืคืจืฉื• ืœื›ืžื” ืคื ื™ื. ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืขืค"ื– ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื” ืจืฉ"ื™ ืœื ืคื™ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืœื” "ื”ึดืกึฐื›ึผึทืœึฐืชึผึธ" ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื, ื•ื’ื ื”ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ืจืง ื”ืขืชื™ืงื• ืืช ื”ืžืœื” ืžืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืœื ืชืจื’ืžื•ื”, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืช"ื™ ื‘ื ื‘ื™ื ืฉืจื’ื™ืœ ืœืชืจื’ื ืฉืจืฉ 'ืกื›ืœ' ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื˜ืคืฉื•ืช (ืจืื” ืฉ"ื ื™ื’:ื™ื’, ื›ื•:ื›ื, ื™ืจ' ื“:ื›ื‘, ื”:ื›ื) - ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืœื” ืจื‘ืช-ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช. [15] ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ ื•ื˜ื™ืงืืŸ (ื›ื™"ื•). [16] ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืคืกื™ืงืชื ืจื‘ืชื™ (ืื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ื) ืคื™ืกืงื ื’. ื•ืฉื ื”ื’ื™ืจืกื "ืฉื›ืœ ื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื‘ื›ื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื ืฉื”" - ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจื’ ื•ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช: ื™ืจ' ื :ื˜ - ื›ึผึฐื’ึดื‘ึผื•ึนืจ ืžึทืฉืึฐื›ึผึดื™ืœ; ืžืฆ"ืฆ - ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ - ืžืœ' ืฉื›ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืจื’, ื›ืžื•: ื•ืžืฉื›ืœืช ื’ื•ื™ื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืช (ื™ื—ื–' ืœื•). [17] ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื–ืกืฉืจ"ืฅ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ืขืœ ืงื™ืจื‘ืช ืฉืจืฉ 'ื›ืฉืœ' ื•ื›ืŸ 'ื›ืกืœ' ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ืžื™ืงื•ื ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช. [18] ื•ื”ืฉื•ื” ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ื™ื“:ื”. [19] ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื‘ืจ' ืžื:ืžื–, ื•ื™' ื›ื’:ื›ื—. ื•ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืข' ืจืฉืจ"ื” ืชื”' ืก:ื•, ืžืœื‘ื™"ื ืžืฉืœื™ ื›ื‘:ื. [20] ื•ืžืขื™ืŸ ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื’ื ื‘ื™ืœ"ืฉ ืฉื”"ืฉ ื“:ืชืชืงืคื—. [21] ืฉืž' ื™ื˜:ื™ื’ - ืกึธืงื•ึนืœ ื™ึดืกึผึธืงึตืœ ืื•ึน ื™ึธืจึนื” ื™ึดื™ึผึธืจึถื”; ืชืจ"ื™ - ืžึดืชึฐืจึฐื’ึธืžึธื ื™ึดืชึฐืจึฐื’ึตื ืื•ึน ื’ึดื™ืจึตื™ ื“ึฐืึตืฉืึธื ื™ึดืชึฐืงึทืฉืึฐืชึผื•ึผืŸ ื‘ึผึตื™ื”ึผ.

6 ืฆืคื™ื•ืช0 ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช
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